The Development of American Literature via American Book

The Development of American Literature via American Book Publishing Several influential factors have been important to the development of American authors and the literature produced in the 19th century. One of the more critical factors was the onset of Industrialized American book publishing. Before 1 820, printed media was generally manufactured and sold by way of printers, binders, and book dealers working separately (Gabbler-Hover, Steelmaker).In the years that allowed, American businessmen merged the processes and created successful publishing houses which created a need for the development of American literature. In the early sass, limited resources such as financial stability and viable transportation made publishing In the united States a less than profitable venture. The mid sass, however, generated technology that helped to dramatically increase profitability in the trade.Progressive methods of transportation such as the opening of the Erie Canal (Gabbler-Hover, Steelmaker) , inventions such as â€Å"stereotyping, the Ron press, the application of steam power, mechanical typecasting/ typesetting, and new methods of producing illustrations created a revolution in book production† that bred competition for Imported fiction (Encyclopedia Britannica). American publishers routinely and Illegally reproduced copies of British and European text. Rifting from readers who were eager for access to foreign fiction. Copyright laws didn't regulate imported texts; irresistible revenues inspired other companies to begin producing their own editions of popular imported literature. This practice of high profit piracy among American publishers was frustrating to American writers who needed an opportunity to prove their viability (Gabbler-Hover, Steelmaker). British and European authors were established In the American market and (obviously) weren't viewed as a financial risk.American authors were required to absorb the cost of printing and distribution. Innovative authors such as Washington Irving and James Finnier Cooper profited from this practice by arranging to keep a substantial percentage of the revenues. Others such as Henry Headwords Longfellow and Henry Melville purchased their own stereotype plates and rented them to publishers for royalties from printed copies. Authors who were successful In periodical publications now had an opportunity to publish books (Gabbler-Hover, Steelmaker).Changes to copyright laws forced illegal printing to become legitimate in its association with the international publishing industry. As federal regulations were being enforced, American publishers started to seek out original American text appropriate for publication (Ecuadorian). A marketplace that had been somewhat unavailable was now open to domestic writers. The Philadelphia born publishing house of M. Carrey and Sons was one of the first to promote American literature. Their Impressive list Finnier Cooper (The Last of the Musicians).In Boston, Tic king and Fields listed major American authors that included Nathaniel Hawthorne and his novel, The Scarlet Letter which began as a short story. With encouragement from Fields, Hawthorne expanded his story into an instant best-seller. As a promoter for the company's writers, Fields set a new standard for marketing American literature to the public by offering colorful posters (to bookstores) that advertised Ticking and Field's publications and by cleverly planting favorable reviews of the company's latest releases (Gabbler-Hover, Steelmaker).Field's methods of promotions and marketing demonstrated continued growth and interest in American literature. The introduction of the literary agent revolutionized the financial climate for publishers and authors. Because an important element in the agent's value to an author is his capacity to extract better terms than the author would for himself, it is not surprising that publishers have resented the intrusion into personal, and often friendl y relationships between themselves and their authors†(Encyclopedia Britannica).Professional representation meant higher royalties and advances for the writer, but it also meant a decrease in profit for the publisher. Although the use of agents wasn't a welcome practice in the publishing industry, representatives pressing for higher aments to writers may have been indirectly responsible for aggressive marketing and promotions that emerged in the early part of the 20th century (Gabbler-Hover, Steelmaker).

European influence in Africa Essay

The presence of Europeans in African countries had a great influence on the cultural benefits, traditions and norms of Africans. African societies were composed of small ethnic groups bound by deep cultural and traditional benefits. Slave trade in North Africa disintegrated these cultural systems. The entry of Europeans in North Africa led to breaking of those small indigenous units into modular states that could be easily controlled by the colonial rule. They abolished the indigenous legal systems and imposed new legal systems based on European concepts of law. North Africa was integrated into the world capitalist system, where its main function was to provide raw materials and new markets for Western industrial revolution. This led to imposition of taxation forcing Africans into cheap wage labor. Land grabbing and alienation in settler colonies made it impossible for the economy of the colonized countries to grow. This is because the colonial administrations only developed areas they saw fit for their benefit and it led to growth of colonial cities such as Dakar, Lagos and Nairobi. Westernization in North Africa led to the rise of Christianity and reduced the number of Muslims in sub Sahara, which contributed to the destabilization of Africa traditions and cultural benefits. Christianity promoted the assimilation of new ideas and new lifestyles such as monogamy and nuclear family. African societies believed in polygamy and extended families. This is being practiced even to day. Christian missionaries introduced Western education, which involved mastery of European language and literacy. The adoption of new habits and tastes coupled with Christianity and western education, led to the development of a new elite that included teachers, clerks, lawyers and doctors. Slave trade degraded the value of African people because they were used against their will to benefit the European economy. This impacted negatively on African leaders because some still practice slave trade today. Europeans brought about, modernization in Africa in terms of Western education, Christianity and Western lifestyles. European influence in Asia (1650-1815). South East Asia comprised of societies that varied in different aspects. Main societies in south East Asia included China, Thailand and Cambodia, therefore European influence on South East Asia varied extensively depending on indigenous states. Societies in South East Asia had very distinct traditional beliefs and rulers who reigned with a conviction of permanency and stability. Europeans created new economic relationships in South East Asia by establishing new industries like rubber production and improvement of traditional ones such as rice and sugar industries. They were improved and expanded to meet the European needs. Communities in Cambodia protested against economical changes when agribusiness in form of plantation farming was introduced. Europeans aimed to make the traditional cultures modern. This was received positively by some south East Asians who had been trained in Western schools. They believed that Western culture would have positive effects on their cultural and economical backgrounds. The elites adopted the European language and mode of dressing. Adoption of the Western culture led to political, economical and social growth in Asia. However, it was difficult to assimilate the European culture and lifestyles in Asia because of the diversity of Asian cultural customs and traditions. Asia is composed of Muslim, Christianity and Buddhism and therefore impacting Christianity in Asia was difficult. These traditional settings emphasized on unifying of social, economic, political and social spheres, though it is impractical to unify all the spheres. The influence of Europeans in Asia was highly varied and uneven throughout the region. They used superior military technology to achieve conquest and monopoly. The Portuguese invasion of Malacca led to the decline of the trade systems as they tried to dominate the spice trade. The European therefore, caused the detachment of producers form their traditional markets. As a result the powerful trading cultures in southeastern Asia collapsed due to colonial influence. European influence was limited to the coastal ports and the adjoining regions. Peasant life in Asia was not affected by the European influence as they remained inside the confines of their village. (Alagappa 130-138). European influence in Middle East (1825-1941). Middle east societies combined religion with governance of their states. European powers overwhelmed the region and tried to separate governance from religion. They replaced the indigenous educational, social and political systems through modernization. The Kuranic schools were replaced by the Western education. Middle east is an Islamic region that viewed European powers as enemies for creating Christianity in the Muslim dominated region. This created a sense of distrust of the Europeans by the Arabs. Europeans faced great resistance form the Arabs who used national movements to adopt anti-western speeches in order to gain favor from their people.. European powers in the Middle East replaced the Muslim leaders by non-Muslim leaders to create artificial political territories since they did not arise from the societies. They created states that had conflicting ethnicities and divided other ethnic groups into two or three portions. For instance they divided the Kurds into Iran, Iraq, Turkey and Syria. (Kaelble 120-127). Dividing ethnic communities stirred political rivalry and violence in the Middle East. It also created instability among the Arabs, preventing political, social and economical development. The Arabs formulated revenge missions to the Europeans and resisted any form of invasion whether political, economical, educational or social.

Brigadoon Essay Research Paper I recently attended

Brigadoon Essay, Research Paper I late attended the drama, Brigadoon by Loewe and Lerner, at my local college theatre. Through all of the dramas mystical events and vocals, I noticed some really of import inside informations. I chose to compare the thoughts in the drama to some specific thoughts held by a group of people in Italy. The mounted their thoughts together to organize a period in our history called the Renaissance. This was the first thing that came to my head when I was believing about my comparing. A drama acts as its ain clip period as it resembles a mere image of existent life. A drama could associate to about any individual, topographic point, or thing. The first comparing I would wish to speak about trades with subjects. The Renaissance period is frequently referred to as the, # 8220 ; metempsychosis # 8221 ; , period. Peoples in Italy changed the manner of life by making an organized and free manner of life. I believe that Brigadoons chief subject trades with the metempsychosis of Tommy Albright # 8217 ; s life. Tommy Albright is one of the chief stars in the drama Brigadoon. He is from New York and is on a trip with one of his best friends. He is besides engaged at the really beginning of the drama but he is in no haste to settle down. Tommy and his friend run into this concealed town called Brigadoon in the center of Scotland. It is here were Tommy falls in love with a miss named Fiona. However, the Torahs of Brigadoon forbid Fiona to go forth with Tommy and travel back to New York. Tension arises and Tommy leaves his loved one in Brigadoon. Once Tommy is back in New York he realizes his error and finds his metempsychosis. He realizes what he wants and who he wants to go. Tommy goes back to Brigadoon and corsets with Fiona, go forthing everything else behind. The comparing seems so close yet far off. In clip everything goes through a small alteration or metempsychosis. But the Renaissance and Tommy # 8217 ; s metempsychosis was different. These alterations delt with destiny, fate, and prosperity. The Renaissance period has shaped our civilization today. I might non even be composing this paper if it was non for that period were they encourage free authorship and thought. The period was portion of the universe # 8217 ; s destiny to go a better topographic point to populate. Peoples from Italy influenced each other to promote plants of art and free thought. And in clip they prospered to assist determine our civilization. However, the influences that help do a metempsychosis can merely help so much. During the Renaissance cipher expected what the hereafter would convey. Brigadoon isolated Tommy to assist him understand his love for Fiona. However, his metempsychosis is non guaranteed to last. Many obstructions stand in his way to hold the perfect relationship with Fiona. When comparing the domestic life of Brigadoon people and Renaissance people, confusion hindered my ideas. I picture the Renaissance domestic life much like that of Brigadoons. Lots of people dancing, happy, old manner, and near to one another. Brigadoon was an stray town in which traditions would last everlastingly. During the Renaissance Italian people fought to convey order and alteration society. I realize their society was non similar Brigadoons. The people in Italy were u nhappy contending to hold rationalism. However, as clip went on the Renaissance could compare to the happy town of Brigadoon. Italy shortly began to boom as people looked up to their manner of life. They had caused a metempsychosis in the manner of life and were now being rewarded. Festivals occurred all the clip and I picture the people being happy, merely like the people of Brigadoon. The manner differences between Brigadoon and the Renaissance period are illustrated. The people of Brigadoon seem to free twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours, non truly caring how they appear. A simple frock or shirt would make merely ticket on an mean twenty-four hours. During the Renaissance the people of Italy were more perfect and beautiful than any other state in Europe. The fabrics and homes were designed in one of the greatest art periods of all clip. Great creative persons influenced the people during the Renaissance. Paintings, edifices, sculptures, and plants of art were everyplace. In Venice there were regulations which prohibited certain types of frock. Brigadoon was a more set back manner of dressing. When comparing the two types of manner our civilization today comes to my head. When you walk down the street you see both types of manners. Other people influence you on what to have on and what is cool. That is why I understand Brigadoons old manner manner. They are st ray people who seldom get visitants in their town. They have nil to compare or portion with. The people in Italy influenced each other to look every bit best as they could and endeavor for flawlessness. In bend they helped give our civilization a new manner to look at manner. During the early old ages of the Renaissance the bubonic pestilence hit Europe. The pestilence was frequently called # 8220 ; black decease # 8221 ; and devastated metropolis life. I saw one adult male during the drama who was haunted by a pestilence besides. Archie Beaton # 8217 ; s boy, Harry, who is love with Jean Maclaren, was haunted by the pestilence called Charlie Dalrymple. Harry is profoundly in love but Jean is about to get married Charlie. Harry is invariably bothered and upset because of Charlie. Charlie acts as a painful pestilence that does non look to travel off. When the bubonic pestilence hit Europe many people tried to fly the metropoliss into the countryside. However, merely the rich people could afford to travel. Many people died because they did non hold the money to fly. Harry tried to run from his pestilence besides. The Torahs of Brigadoon forbid Harry to go forth the town but he does non care about them any more. When seeking to go forth Harry is killed an d his pestilence ends. The town suffers from his loss merely as the Renaissance period was hurt. The Renaissance may hold been a clip period, nevertheless, it still can associate to the drama Brigadoon. Any drama can act upon people and has to hold influences, merely like certain periods of our yesteryear. One of the chief grounds I chose the Renaissance it because it reminded of Europe, as did the drama. Whenever I think of Europe I think of pureness, humanistic disciplines, and beautiful landscapes. When I foremost seen the drama I knew it was supposed to take topographic point in Europe. So I merely compared it to the one thing in Europe that is a great historical period, the Renaissance.

With reference to ONE country, discuss the ways that particular Essay

With reference to ONE country, discuss the ways that particular landscapes can come to symbolise national identity - Essay Example to its present view depending upon the predominance of particular nations and communities which were considered ‘literate’ and had the means and material to document their comprehension. The dominance of religion, race and its assertion on the human populations are still having far reaching consequences despite all the scientific progress. Ancient civilizations like Egypt, Mesopotamia, Inca, China and India have their own peculiarities associated with the geographical features of their particular regions. However the most visible effect on the world has been that of European dominance, particularly the English colonial era and its impact in influencing the mindset of the people who were subject to colonial rule. The Earth without its living mass is a very cruel and inhospitable territory. It is just a small speck in the vast magnanimity of the limitless universe. Visualized from a perspective of an alien, one cannot but wonder how life has evolved on this planet. There is a continuous struggle for existence between the forces of nature and the living things, be it plant or animal. Man being the supposedly most intelligent living form on this planet has modified nature in a manner suitable for the sustenance of its own species. Plants, animals, water and land have been tamed and manipulated by mankind to serve its own survival. However as a corollary the Earth has also imparted its own colour on mankind depending upon locale, resources and material and given rise to particular and distinct communities. The cultural identity thus owes much to mother earth. Mankind has further elaborated itself into the form of countries or nations which have come to symbolize the manner, in which people live, behave and work. This has lead to our present perspective of the world wherein we can clearly demarcate the national identities of people and come to expect particular behaviour patterns from people belonging to a nation. The longitude and latitude, water and mineral

Summary on evidence by roger sapsford Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary on evidence by roger sapsford - Essay Example In this light, the article by Sapsford is introductory in its essence, or, alternatively, recapitulative, if a reader is aiming to find a starting point in tackling tasks that seem to defy easy methodological approaches to them. In this role, the writing by Sapsford is very adequate as the author manages to consequently present the general overview of conventional divisions of methods applicable in social psychology, such as divisions exemplified by oppositions between naturalistic and controlled, structured and unstructured, and specific and generalizable types of experiments and approaches to the data analysis (Sapsford 1996, p. 146). With this general but very instructive distinction in mind, the author devotes an extended attention to the exploration of the division of methods of social research on the ones inspired by ‘scientific’ and ‘qualitative’ approaches. ‘Scientific’ research, according to Sapsford, is characterised by the observance of the rules of â€Å"clear measurement and logical design† (Sapsford 1996, p. 147), which in practice means adherence to the formalised ways of data gathering and analysis, such as questionnaires, creation of personality inventories, organisation of control groups, etc. Perhaps even more insightful is the association by the author of the ‘scientific’ research with the underlying assumption of researches that the objective knowledge is out there in the world, and that their task is to find ways to obtain that knowledge. In its turn, the philosophy behind the ‘qualitative’ research is based on the assumption that it is too often the case that straightforward approaches akin to those of the ‘scientific’ research may miss the true complexity of the real world, can fall a victim to the subjectivity of researchers, and, moreover, may influence, even though inadvertently, the object of

Strategic Supply Chain Managemnt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategic Supply Chain Managemnt - Essay Example Goose at the Garden has two systems for purchasing. The first is Internet procurement using auctions, reverse auctions and electronic marketplaces to link buyer needs with seller products. This business has attempted to cut costs of distribution because the local supply environment is too costly and not competitive enough. When future raw material needs are predicted or identified, such as office supplies or alcohol supplies, advance usage of Internet procurement sources has given Goose at the Garden measurable cost savings (Nash, 2009). This process is sometimes not reliable for short-term needs, therefore the second system relies on manual procurement through local market suppliers and vendors. Materials handling mostly involves safety for workers by having strict policies in place about issues of box opening with safety razors and other important safety steps. None of the materials ordered for the pub are really considered hazardous, so manual handling just involves staff members observing policy for safety. A check-list inventory is used during the handling process of incoming merchandise to ensure it meets with the electronic copy of the purchasing agreement or contract. Goose at the Garden installed a rather inexpensive, yet efficient electronic system to monitor and control their inventory levels to ensure more accurate ordering of supplies (Nash). When the inventory checklist has been completed, the data is entered into the software which automatically updates stock levels. Each time a transaction is made, the computer software deducts the amount of raw ingredients portioned electronically for each item to reduce inventory at optimal levels. When actual physical audit occurs weekly, it shows how much waste is occurring or where suppliers can be eliminated from the supply network. Unless bought locally, Goose at the Garden uses only ground, vehicle transportation for their supply

Psychology (left-brain activity) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Psychology (left-brain activity) - Essay Example It is the seat of visual and spatial processing. The right brain controls driving in traffic. On the right, processing is rapid and non-linear. The right brain looks at the big picture and deals with complexity, ambiguity, and paradox. It is intuitive and the crucible of creativity (Pitek, 1998). For example, if you are right-brain dominant, it is your emotional right hemisphere that guides the decisions you make throughout the day. If you are left-brain dominant, it is your sequential, time-oriented left hemisphere which tells you how to think, what to believe, and what choices to make (Connell 2002). Nearly 80% of people have a more developed left brain because the left is better at handling language and logical thinking. In many life situations, the left brain takes over, assembling a logical train of thought (Lee, 1999). Other factors are also detrimental to right brain development. Education has a big prejudice against the right brain with its emphasis on mathematics, language, logic and analysis, and its tendency to ignore the arts, music and creativity. In traditional methods, teaching uses charts, logic, and mathematical formulae. Multiple choice, true/ false are much easier to grade and quantify (Pitek, 1998). There are parental pressures to become doctors and lawyers and scientists rather than poets and artists. And there is the world itself, which requires us to do more left-brain thinking than right. Under these circumstances, our left brains become more and more developed while our right brains shrink, metaphorically speaking, from under-use (Lee, 1999). In this age of education by test-taking, all our instructional efforts seem to help students master left-brain skills because that's what the tests measure. But to what extent should we also be helping kids develop a sense of design, storytelling abilities, feelings for others, humor, and the ability to detect the importance of the information they learnThe right brain thinks in wholes, so the student will understand math concepts but struggle with math facts or double-checking answers. Right brain children will use 'gut feeling' instead of pulling in multiple facts before arriving at a decision. They may prefer essay tests where they can present the whole picture (Craft, n.d.). Eighty percent of struggling learners are right brained. Schools and schoolwork are set up to teach in left brain style. Workbooks, worksheets, rote memorization, timed tests, lectures, learning facts from a test, learning vocabulary by looking up meanings words in a dictionary and writing them out, these are all left-brain activities. A right brain child will have difficulty with them (Craft, n.d.). Right-brain students might shuffle through papers and have trouble finding correct pages. They might daydream in class. Might dramatize a point instead of backing it with statistics. Homework and desktop might be messy. Some believe that the common syndrome, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) may result from cross-brain problems. Affected children are usually right-brain

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 14

Case Study Example The case study also looks at the performance of the restaurant in the last few months and makes recommendations as to how the restaurant can be well position in the existing market to gain competitive advantage (Cyrek, 2009). Information on the operational systems of Queens Head exposes key strengths and weaknesses as a food and beverage operation which must become the basis for making any recommendations for the future. The table below outlines the strengths and weaknesses of the company. Queens Head lack a clear tradition position within the market in which it competes. This point is clearly admitted by Cullum who sees the development of specific destination trade as the answer to future growth. Meanwhile, Davis (2005) emphasised the importance of having a clearly identified trading position as an effective tool for growth and competitiveness. This is because the trading position used by the company helps it to develop a competitive advantage which makes it become a preferred choice over competitors due to its position. It is possible to use either Porter’s generic strategic positions or Bowman’s strategy clock to identify a trading position which will become the strategy around which Queens Head will undertake its marketing. The graph above shows that Queens Head has failed to maintain a steady growth in sales in the past 12 months. This applies to both in food sales and drink sales, which is a very worrying situation the restaurant can be finding itself in now. This is because the sales made by the company determine its revenue inflow, which is also an important determinant of capital position for competing on the market through publicity and promotions (Agarwal and Helfat, 2009). As sales have not experienced any significant growth, it will be very difficult for the restaurant to have sufficient funds which are committed to market growth areas that are

Data warehouse, data mart and business intelligence Essay - 1

Data warehouse, data mart and business intelligence - Essay Example ique data structure that allows comparatively rapid and trouble-free performance of big and complex queries over large amounts of data (Business Intelligence Secrets, 2012). Additionally, the data warehouse is built to support the business intelligence tasks and decision support systems of an organization. However, the data warehouse is developed on the basis of relational database that supports queries and reporting instead of traditional business transaction processing. Moreover, it typically holds historical data resulting from transaction data; as well it can gather data from other corporate sources. Also, it divides bossiness analysis workload from corporate operations workload and allows a business to merge data from numerous sources (Oracle Corporation, 2002; Einbinder, Scully, Pates, Schubart, & Reynolds, 2001). There is another concept related to business intelligence known as data mart, it is a business decision support structure that integrates data from different sources and focuses on major processes or tasks of the business. In addition, the data marts encompass exact business related processes and principles like that forecasting sales, determining performance and influence of marketing promotions, assessing the influence of new product launching on business income or calculating and forecasting the working of a new business division or department. In fact, data marts are strictly business related software systems. Though, data marts can capture large amounts of data, even hundreds of gigabytes, but it cannot be larger than the data warehouse, which is also used by similar businesses. On the other hand, data marts are more aligned with specific company motives, system requirements and planning and analysis are performed in an effective manner and as a result implementation, design, i nstallation and testing are less expensive as compared to data warehouses (Demarest, 1993; Firestone, 1997). In addition, they can be developed rapidly and they are

The Management Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Management Environment - Essay Example Although it is difficult to believe that Supply chain management is a recent concept since even Shakespeare discussed how ships and merchandise at sea can be at risk from various threats, the process of actually managing a supply chain through technology and modern communication tools is certainly a recent innovation. With reference to globalisation, logistics is simply the science of getting the required materials, goods or equipment to the right people at the right time and the development of this field owes a lot to the military history of civilisation which goes all the way back to the Roman era where armies had to be kept in supply even in far flung regions of the empire (Christopher, 2005). In the modern world, when supply chain management and the philosophy of logistics are combined in an efficient manner a company can become richer and more powerful than any emperor of the past. Supply chain management not only allows the right people to have the right things at the right time, it also makes sure that there is no wastage in the process and the overall costs of the business are reduced (Van Hoek, 2005). For the company, it could mean less mistakes in ordering the right part, making sure that production facilities around the world are occupied and that production matches the consumption as well as client requirements. Every business decision and every business choice comes with an associated cost which must be borne by the shareholders or the owners of the business which means that costs need to be reduced to ensure a healthy profit. An efficiently managed global supply chain does exactly that by cutting down costs in several important areas of business (Christopher, 2 005). Lummus and Demarie (2006) give the example of supply chain management experts such as Renee Gregoire and James Correll who discussed the importance of supply chain management with reference to

Understanding Business Research Terms and Concepts Essay Example for Free

Understanding Business Research Terms and Concepts Essay Historically, qualitative methodologies have been available much longer some as early as the 19th century as the quantitative tools marketers rely on so heavily. (2014) Donald R. Cooper Quantitative research attempts precise measurement of something. In business research, quantitative methodologies usually measure consumer behavior, knowledge, opinions, or attitudes. Such methodologies answer questions related to how much, how often, how many, when, and who (2014) Donald R. Cooper There are a few methods researchers’ uses to acquire or validate data; The interview is the primary data collection technique for gathering data in qualitative methodologies. Interviews vary based on the number of people involved during the interview, the level of structure, the proximity of the interviewer to the participant, and the number of interviews conducted during the research. The interview can be conducted individually (individual depth interview or IDI) or in groups. (2014) Donald R. Cooper Questionnaires often make use of Checklist and rating scales. These devices help simplify and quantify peoples behaviors and attitudes. A checklist a list of behaviors, characteristics, or other entities that the researcher is looking for. Either the researcher or survey participant simply checks whether each item on the list is observed, present or true or vice versa. A rating scale is more useful when a behavior needs to be evaluated on a continuum. They are also known as Likert scales. (Leedy and Ormrod, 2001) http://people.uwec.edu/ Some strengths of each statistical approach is that they can help to find the studies generalized to the population about which information is required, samples of individuals, communities, or organizations can be selected to ensure that the results will be representative of the population studied. Structural factors that determine how inequalities (such as gender inequalities) are produced can be analyzed, QUANT estimates can be obtained of the magnitude and distribution of impacts, QUANT estimates can be obtai ned of the costs and benefits of interventions. Some weakness of each  statistical is there is often no information on contextual factors to help interpret the results or to explain variations in behavior between households with similar economic and demographic characteristics, administration of a structured questionnaire creates an unnatural situation that may alienate respondents, studies are expensive and time-consuming, and even the preliminary results are usually not available for a long period of time, research methods are inflexible because the instruments cannot be modified once the study begins.(2014) interaction.org When it comes to statistic analysis, there are two classifications: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. In a nutshell, descriptive statistics intends to describe a big hunk of data with summary charts and tables, but do not attempt to draw conclusions about the population from which the sample was taken. You are simply summarizing the data you have with pretty charts and graphs–kind of like telling someone the key points of the book as opposed to just handing them a thick book. (2012) mymarketresearchmethods Sampling is a shortcut method for investigating a whole population which it gathers data here on a small part of the whole parent population or sampling frame, and used to inform what the whole picture is like Systematic point sampling a grid can be used, and the points can be at the intersections of the grid lines or in the middle of each grid square. Sampling is done at the nearest feasible place. Along a transect line, sampling points for vegetation/pebble data collection could be identified systematically. Systematic line sampling the easting’s or nothings of the grid on a map can be used to identify transect lines, along a beach it could be decided that a transect up the beach will be conducted every 20 metros along the length of the beach Systematic area sampling A ‘pattern of grid squares to be sampled can be identified using a map of the study area. Advantages: It is more straight-forward than random sampling, a grid doesnt necessarily have to be used; sampling just has to be at uniform intervals, good coverage of the study area can be more easily achieved than using random sampling Disadvantages: It is more biased, as not all members or points have an equal chance of being selected; it may, therefore, lead to over or under-representation of a particular pattern In this article, we analyzed a dataset of fraudul ent credit card transactions to uncover patterns in fraudulent transactions and to demonstrate the importance of  focusing on suspicious transactions. We argue that revealed patterns in fraudulent transactions may help financial The ability to combine to combine different research approach across conventional methodological often frustrated. Qualitative and quantitative researchers often operate with a different set of assumptions about the world and ways of learning about it. These assumptions may be seen as mutually and inevitably irreconcilable. Researchers are often taught to master only one type of method and, so, become comfortable with their expertise in handling either quantitative or qualitative analysis, but not both After reading all the material provided I must say that the best and most appropriate research method in my business would be qualitative research because it goes more in depth into the study of the business platform would give me a better and clear picture of the stability and understanding, another approach would be sampling because it gives me different choices of how to find data and make it more accurate . Inferential Article, macromolecular structures calculated from nuclear magnetic resonance data are not fully determined by experimental data but depend on subjective choices in data treatment and parameter settings. This makes it difficult to judge the precision of the structures objectively. We used Bayesian inference to derive a probability distribution that represents the unknown structure and its precision. This probability distribution also determines additional unknowns, such as theory parameters, which previously had to be chosen empirically. We implemented this approach by using Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques. Our method provides an objective figure of merit and improves structural quality. Because conventional structure ensembles depend on user-specific parameter settings and the minimization protocol, it is difficult if not impossible to assign statistically meaningful error bars to atomic coordinates. In contrast, stochastic samples drawn from the joint posterior density p(X, ÃŽ ³, ÏÆ'|D,I) are statistically well defined and can directly be used to calculate estimates of mean values and standard deviations (14). As a special case, we can derive an average structure with atomise error bars and are thus able to define an objective figure of merit for NMR structures (2014) Inferential Structure Determination Descriptive article Walking is second only to private cars as the most common means by which individuals get from place to place in the USA and Europe. The speed at which individuals walk is relevant to their  functioning in the community, mortality of older adults, incident ischemic stroke among postmenopausal women, and incident dementia among older adults, this study does have several limitations. First, it is not comprehensive. Although four databases were used to find relevant literature, the final search was up to the end of 2008. Between that time and the present, relevant articles other than the two identified through hand searches may have been published. Of the relevant articles identified, some did not provide data in a manner that enabled inclusion Reference (2014) Donald R. Cooper Business Research Methods 12e Entire eBook http://www.mymarketresearchmethods.com/descriptive-inferential-statistics-difference/ http://people.uwec.edu/ http://people.uwec.edu/ http://www.rgs.org/OurWork/Schools/Fieldwork+and+local+learning/Fieldwork+techniques/Sampling+techniques.htm http://gbr.sagepub.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/content/14/3/373 http://www.interaction.org/annex-1-strengths-and-weaknesses-quant-evaluation-approaches http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/213604856?pq-origsite=summon

Saudi Arabia And America Essay Example for Free

Saudi Arabia And America Essay When you talk or hear about Saudi Arabia and America, you know they are talking about the most important two countries in the world. When I graduated from high school in my country Saudi Arabia I was not thinking about to study out of the country. I applied for King Abdul-Aziz University in Jeddah I have been there for just one month until my brother asked me to go to United State of America. I had no idea what are the difference between my country and America when I arrived to America I saw too many difference between my country and U. S such as Food, Cost. The first thing and the most important thing is Food. There are big different between my country and United State Of America like there in Saudi Arabia most of week days we eat rice with fish, chicken and meat, and I like this way too much because I always play two times a day so I think I need a lot of protein and also my family cook every day in our home while here in America their food it always burger and pizza and here in America me and my brother do not cook every day and it’s hard for us because I used to eat my mother cocking almost every day but now I eat too much fast food such as burgers, pizzas . The second thing that everyone doesn’t like is The Cost. There are big different between Saudi Arabia and United States of America like there in my country the oil is cheaper than water because we have a lot of oil wells that why it is cheap. In my country we don’t have any taxes. For example, if I have place that sells cigarettes I don’t pay for any tax. Here in America the oil is so expensive if you want to buy a car you have to think that if you can afford buying the oil for your car and if you can’t afford you can’t buy a car. The taxes are so expensive in U.  S and this is why life in America is more expensive than Saudi Arabia because everything you buy has tax. Life is beautiful and trying new experiences is more beautiful. The experience I had and I will never forget about the first day in America. The food was my biggest problem because I was eating almost every day my mother cocking but here in America I eat fast food such as burger, pizza. The Oil in Saudi Arabia is cheaper than water but in America is so expensive. We don’t have any taxes in Saudi Arabia this is why life in Saudi Arabia is cheaper than America.

Black Identity In Bamboozled

Black Identity In Bamboozled African Americans have for a long time been represented in American cinema in discourses of white realism. With the emergence of black directors, there has been a struggle to detach the black community from the traditional, negative stereotypes attached to them. Bamboozled (Spike Lee, 2000) is a dark satire on race representation and assimilation and the ways in which the dominant hegemonic power structure is able to divide and rule those it subjugates. This paper will first explore the history of cinematic representation of African Americans, which will be discussed in line with the issue of misrepresentation in Bamboozled (2000). This paper will also explore African-American identity dilemma as presented in Bamboozled (2000). Introduction I want people to think about the power of images, not just in terms of race, but how imagery is used and what sort of social impact it has- how it influences how we talk, how we think, how we view one another. In particular, I want them to see how film and television have historically, from the birth of both mediums, produced and perpetuated distorted images. Film and television started out that way, and here we are, at the dawn of a new century, and a lot of that madness is still with us today. Spike Lee. The debates over race and representation of African Americans in films have been highly contentious for over a century. Blacks have generally been perceived and stigmatized, throughout history, as trouble makers, incapables, intellectually limited, inferior, lazy and irrational, amongst the many other demeaning labels attached to them. These labels are connected not only to the history of colonization but also, importantly, to the exploitation, perpetuation, and careful maintenance of stereotypes through cinematic clichà ©s which have imposed themselves easily and significantly on the popular imagination. As rightly stated by Wijdan Ali, the projection of harmful and negative stereotypes onto marginal or ineffectual groups within a society has always been an easy and useful method for making scapegoats.Effectively, films form the ideal space to circularize and preserve the labels which the mainstream audience desires to attach to the black community. Five decades of the Civil Rights Movement have gone by, and the degree of change in the black community, though undeniably real and noticeable, remains perplexingly complex and inadequate. Although the fact that we now live in a time in history where Americans have voted in a black President, where blacks now occupy positions of power and are ostensibly less subject to institutional discrimination than in the past, the black community nevertheless remains inadequately poor, unemployed, undereducated and negatively labeled. Adding to these, portrayals of African Americans in cinema are still, to a great extent, marked by buffoonery. Therefore, adopting a writing-back style in Bamboozled (2000), Spike Lee satirically attacks the way in which African Americans have historically been misused and misrepresented on screen. Through Bamboozled (2000), the director attempts both to entertain and to educate his audience about the history of African American representation within popular culture, with the word bamboozled itself indicating the state of having been cheated or conned. Bamboozled (2000) presents American mass entertainments history of racial discrimination through abasing minstrel stereotypes, which first started to be performed in musical theatres and which were later brought to cinema with films such as The Wooing and Wedding of a Coon (1905), The Sambo Series (1909- 1911) and D.W Griffiths controversial The Birth of a Nation( 1915). Consequently, the purpose of this study is to explore African American evolution in the American film industry and to analyze the effects of stereotypes and misrepresentation o n African American identity using Cornel Wests theory of Alienation (1993) and Du Boiss theory of double consciousness (1903). These will hopefully in turn help to understand why the integration of African Americans is considered as a problematic issue even in a sophisticated era where racism seems to be a thing of the past, and where people are supposedly no longer judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. But before getting to what Bamboozled (2000) actually brings to the table of African-American films, it is important to look at the history and evolution of black representation in Hollywood cinema, which the following paragraphs are going to deal with. II. African Americans in American Films: A Brief Retrospective African Americans first started to be represented in minstrel shows in the late 1820s and later on television in the early 20th century. Through blackface minstrelsy, a performance style where white males parodied the songs, dances, clothing and speech patterns of Southern blacks using blackface makeup and exaggerated lips, Americas conceptions of blackness and whiteness were shaped by these mocking caricatures, for, as pointed out by bell hooks, there is power in looking. While whiteness was posited as the norm, every black face was a statement of social imperfection, inferiority, and mimicry that [was] placed in isolation with an absent whiteness as its ideal opposite. Consequently, for over a century, the notion that colored people were racially and socially inferior to whites was ingrained, internalized and accepted both by white and black minstrel performers and audiences. The caricatures took such a strong hold on the American imagination that audiences naturally came to expect any person with dark skin, irrespective of his/ her background, to fit in one or more of the following stereotypes; Jim Crow, a dull-witted and subservient plantation slave; Zip Coon, a lazy, gaudily-dressed man from the city representing the proud newly- freed slave; Mammy, the contended, happy, loyal and ever-smiling female slave (as evidence of the supposed humanity of the institution of slavery,); Uncle Tom, the good Negro; submissive, hearty, faithful no matter what, stoic, selfless, and oh-so-very-kind, Buck, the proud and menacing Black man always fascinated by white women; Jezebel the temptress; the mixed race Mulatto, and Pickaninnies, who have bulging eyes, unkempt hair, red lips and wide mouths into which they stuff huge slices of watermelon. As time moved on, black appearance in mainstream films became more and more frequent, as well as the increase in the number of independent black directors, from Oscar Micheaux to Daniels Lee and Spike Lee. Since The Birth of a Nation, which marked a change in emphasis from the pretentious but harmless Jim Crow to the threatening savage Nigger, black filmmakers have responded by creating race movies and blaxploitation films which were tailored to black audiences . The 1970s witnessed a resurgence of the blaxploitation genre with films such as Sweet Sweetbacks Baadassss Song (1971), Shaft (1971), Black Caesar (1973) and Foxy Brown (1974). Since such films were themselves in turn accused of using the negative to hyperbolize issues pertaining to blacks, this genre saw its end in the late 1970s to give way to a new wave of black directors, such as S. Lee and John Singleton, who focused on black urban life. However, we cannot afford to simply celebrate the achievements of black filmmakers for the so-called ethnic arts. And as Stuart Hall remarks, we have come out of the age of innocence, which says that its good if its there. The mere fact that such films have had a considerable increase does not mean that the status of and opportunities for black people have dramatically improved although it may be true that the level of clear-cut racism has known an important decrease, or even a disappearance. This can be backed up by Appiahs statement that changes in the representation of blacks do not ipso facto lead to changes in their treatment. III. The Issue of Misrepresentation in Bamboozled (2000) In Bamboozled (2000), Spike Lee directly addresses this issue of African American representability as being a discourse of white essentialism. Through Bamboozled (2000) the director invites his audience to realize that although nobody goes around in blackface anymore,it does not entail that Hollywood has altogether abandoned/given up essentialist discourse. The director satirically uses very symbolic icons and elements throughout the film in order to highlight racism and misrepresentation. The beginning of Bamboozled (2000) itself generates the intended theme; Stevie Wonders Misrepresented People, a song which encapsulates the historical, political and social adversities faced by blacks, is carefully and cleverly set as the background music, which powerfully and heavily impacts upon the content of the film as well as upon the audience. Spike Lee makes it blatantly clear that Bamboozled (2000) sets out to illustrate White American ideology and discourse within contemporary public sphere. Pierre Delacroix (Damon Wayans), the protagonist of the film, is a network executive working in a company which is specialized in black matters. Ironically though, during the meeting in which Delacroix is reproached for his lateness and reminded of CP time, it can be noticed that the only Black person present is Pierre himself. His boss, Dunwitty, clearly does not want to see Negroes on television unless they are buffoons. He even cancelled one of Pierres brilliant shows because it starred blacks as dignified people and goes on to complain that the latters written materials are too clean, too white, too antiseptic, which according to him merely portray white people with blackfaces. He urges Delacroix to keep it real, that is, he reminds him of the humiliating position of blacks in cinema; blacks are only entertainers. The depiction of the struggle endemic to the African American experience of representation, which Lee throws to the audience in a very obvious yet complex way, can be seen in Extract 1. It can be observed in this scene that Delacroix has no other option than to portray blacks as entertainers if he is to respect his contract. This scene is also important because it does two things; first, it shows Delacroixs struggle to promote the black community by attempting to fight misrepresentation, and second, it shows a well-educated Delacroixs willingness to dissociate himself from other African Americans. The name of the blackface show in Bamboozled (2000) is in itself very symbolic; Mantan: The New Millennium Minstrel Show. Here, Lee suggests that minstrelsy has not disappeared in the new millennium. In his-own words therefore, it has only gotten more sophisticated. Gangsta rap videos, a lot of the TV shows on UPN and WB- a lot of us are still acting as buffoons and coons. The issue of black-white relations resurfaces in Bamboozled (2000) and the role of the Other is made explicit through Lees intended message. Black stereotyping and Otherisation becomes the necessary evil in the construction of white identity and is needed to reassure white audiences of the stability of their identity. With this comes the implication that black films are successfully marketed only if they appeal to mainstream audiences. Clearly, Spike Lees aim in this provocative film is to show that even today, the American film industry is still concealing essentialist discourses within contemporary films. Consequ ently, as essentialism involves ongoing human and social interaction as well as limitation, identity regulation and enforcement takes place within this kind of racist discourse, whereby blacks have to undergo identity dilemma while trying to seek approval. As we have seen, cinema has an important role to play in the construction of identity. History, cinema and black identity are intricately intertwined. The association of these three in Bamboozled (2000) communicates to the audience how blacks are identified and how they in turn identify themselves. As a marginalized group, most of the black characters in Spike Lees film forsake their identity so as to gain approval, to be successful, or to get out of black poverty and the result is shown to be a disastrous one for the black soul and community. The next section is therefore going to be an exploration of identity dilemma in Bamboozled (2000). IV. Identity Dilemma in Bamboozled (2000) I have heard all my life that White people dont have to change who they are, how they talk, or how they behave. Therefore, I was left with the impression that it was everyone elses responsibility to attempt to adopt the cultural and social personalities of White people. Ronald, L Jackson. In order to tackle this issue of identity in Bamboozled (2000) Cornel Wests theory of alienation(1993) will be used in parallel to DuBois theory of double-consciousness (1903) .Wests theory of alienation (1993) explores the identity crisis faced by the black diasporan community in modern day America. Natal alienation, which has been created by the history of colonization, is an irretrievable damage to black identity. Since the Black is rendered into an inferior being through history and representation, and this inferiority further reinforced by both descriptive and prescriptive stereotypes in cinema, blacks as a result experience a severe identity dilemma, a double consciousness. Alienation in Wests theory exists on two intricately related levels: firstly as an ideological system of oppression and discrimination and secondly as a black existentialist struggle. In Bamboozled (2000), this powerful system of oppression forces the black characters to forsake their black soul and identities. Unlike Delacroix, Womack (Tommy Davidson) and Manray (Savion Glover), two homeless street performers, are forced by their unfavorable economic conditions to become de-rooted and senseless performing dolls. Both are stripped of their names and imposed with the abasing and stereotypically racist names of SleepnEat and Mantan respectively. Alienation here produces the modern black diasporan problematic of invisibility and namelessness, whereby Womack and Manray are forced to look at themselves through the eyes of others, of measuring [their] soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity. Impelled by societal and survival pressures, both of them are forced to assimilate in order to be accepted by the white community as well as by the assimilated black people. It becomes clear that David Llorenss (1968) two types of blacks are present in Bamboozled (2000). Delacroix and Sloan represent the chosen ones while Manray and Womack represent the fellah. The former is familiar with the streets and the black vernacular, while the latter is culturally refined has assimilated into the white community. Alienation and white essentialist discourse creates such a situation where the chosen one feels embarrassed by the fellah and seeks at all times to show that they are two different kinds, and to please the Guardian, that is, the white man. Manray and Womack are, through the eyes of Sloan ( Jada Pinkett Smith) and Pierre, African Americans who share similar traits to the primitive African. Delacroix points this out by looking down on them and recommending that they be given deodorant s, toothbrushes, toothpastes and underwear. He also attempts without success to dissociate himself from the fellah black category by desperately explaining to Dunwitty that blacks are not a monolithic group, and that middle class black does exist. These words are representative of the African American communitys desire not to be identified only through blackness. For Dunwitty, Delacroix is only trying to wear a whiteface, which is not a mere fabrication or a mere racist comment. Dunwittys words carry an important truth. We see from the beginning of the film, that Delacroix eagerly and desperately seeks recognition and visibility from his white co-workers when he walks his way to his office. He also rejects the black vernacular for Standard English so as to make a clear cut difference between the educated and the uneducated black. This, to an important extent, reifies the superiority of whites and serves to alienate blacks in American society, as, according to West (1993), alienation is part of a whole system of language. Once a cultures language is alienated from the mainstream populations language, the cultures identity is similarly taken away and starts to dissipate. Delacroix himself unconsciously embodies several of the blackface stereotypes, although he tries to portray blacks in a positive light. He can be viewed as a Zip Coon, with his pretentiousness and his implicit disregard for the fellah blacks during the auditioning for the Alabama Porch Monkeys, and his dissociation from the black vernacular. Furthermore, he embodies the Uncle Tom stereotype several times in the film, especially in the scene where he acts as the loyal, faithful and subservient black while insisting on handing off an award to Mathhew Modine (playing himself.) Delacroix is therefore himself caught in this whirlwind of Europeanization. In his relentless effort to assimilate into white culture, he gets himself a Harvard education and a penthouse, dresses professionally, and speaks the right language. Even when he sets out on his mission to deconstruct stereotypes and raise public awareness on modern day racism, he is himself unable to resist the misrepresentation and cari cature of the terms set by uncontested nonblack norms and models. Delacroix therefore also contributes both consciously and unconsciously to the dominant discourse of alienation of blacks from the white community by setting up a Coon show which idealizes a simpler time, a time when men were men, women were women, and Negroes knew their place. Some black folks are consequently outraged by his racist show and accuse him of selling out his own community. But what has actually happened to Pierre Delacroix is that he has been experiencing the split-self- disease, what Du Bois calls a twoness an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body. Aware of the fact that the popular American view has consistently dehumanized African Americans through negative representation, Delacroix does not want to be among those blacks who are despised by the European American population. He does not want to be invisible and formless. Therefore h e aspires to be both Negro and American, two identities, which, according to Du Bois (1903) are often in conflict. Delacroixs wearing of the blackface by the end of the film iterates the inescapability of the imposed mask of blackness. Realizing that he is unable to appear as anything but black in the eyes of others, he compromises with his black self and resigns himself to the mask. What Lee is actually showing is that in modern day America, and even for sophisticated and well- off black Americans, the merging of the American and the African is one very difficult (if not impossible) thing to happen. The impact of stereotypes and alienation on black identity causes one to have a keen sense of awareness about his or her various selves and how they are perceived. Often, blacks in Bamboozled (2000) have to negotiate their identity. Through this act, they inevitably reach a self-realization of twoness. Womack for instance realizes that he will always be looked down upon as a second-class American citizen, no matter how famous and successful he has become. He becomes conscious of the fact the he had been bamboozled insofar as believing that he could be an equal citizen. His success lies only in the fact that he is able to entertain white America, to always keep em laughing, a quality which Delacroixs father Junebug (Paul Mooney) believes is essential for the black American to achieve success. As shown in Extract 2 therefore, when Womack experiences double consciousness, he decides to stop acting in the minstrel show. This scene is significant in that it highlights the self-realization which is made possible only through a double-consciousness. Womack at this particular moment realizes that outside of the character of Sleepn Eat, he is simply invisible, a nobody. Through the eyes of others there is no other possible identity for him. Mantans own identity grows in conflict with that of Womack following this conversation; clearly he is still unaware of the complexities of the disjointed nature of identity in this scene. A few scenes later however, he also becomes afflicted by the same double consciousness experienced by his friend. In Extract 3, after discovering that he has been hoodwinked and led astray, Manray refuses to be further associated to Mantan. He realizes that it is fundamentally wrong to negotiate his identity through the medium of blackface. Although Lee might be suggesting that Manrays realization occurs at too late a time, his message clearly goes in line with Du Boiss (1903) argument that double consciousness is the realization that identity is mu ltifaceted. According to him, at one point or the other, black Americans develop a conflict with the different identities that they need to embody in order to be accepted by the mainstream, a conflict which is inexistent among white Americans. On the other hand, Sloans brother, Julius, who forms part of the Mau Mau revolutionary underground gang and who does not go through double consciousness because of his refusal to be seen through white Americas eyes, is juxtaposed to the blacks who try to assimilate white culture, thereby denying their own roots, language, people, and culture. Julius constantly affirms his black identity, unlike the other blacks we encounter in the film. Extract 4 shows how he refuses to be a representative of de-rooted, disenfranchised blacks. In the perspective of revolutionary blacks such as the Mau Maus therefore, Manray needs to be executed because he is a nuisance to the black community; he is a Judas, an Uncle Tom, one who contributes to the demise of his own race. The murders of Manray and Delacroix show to what extent alienation and double-consciousness can be detrimental to African Americans. They create inter-ethnic conflict and a heavy malaise in the black community. Alienation as an ideol ogical racist discourse therefore divides and rules those who are marginalized in a society that looks on in amused contempt and pity. Through the Mau Mau gang, it can be seen that those who accept and affirm their black identities are ineffective in society. They are in no way in a better state of being than those who experience double-consciousness. Since they do not master the mainstream language and do not believe in the ideological discourses of the inferiority of their race, they are forced to retire to the underground world. The fact that the imposition of history and alienation results in double consciousness in many cases in Bamboozled (2000) is destructive to all. Accepting white essentialism as culturally representable not only creates a fatal division between assimilated and un- assimilated blacks; it also kills the spirit of the black man. V. Conclusion Although the situations and the characters in Lees Bamboozled (2000) are all fictitious, and although the director does not choose the medium of docudrama to convey his important messages, he manages to successfully reconstruct blackface minstrelsy. African Americans have been freed, but only physically. There has been neither a consistent attempt to make up for the mistakes of humanity of the past nor to reshape identities. His argument in Bamboozled (2000) is that the identity dilemmas faced by the characters in the film are no different from the identity issues faced by African Americans in post-racial America. Although blacks do not find themselves as being represented in blackface or as victims of blatant segregation anymore, they are nevertheless always reminded of their blackness, and of what it implies to be a black in America. Whether Lee is genuinely successful in renegotiating a stigmatized identity or in deconstructing stereotypes by dismantling the false normativity of w hite authority remains highly debatable. On the one side, his use of satire and his engagement with the history of racism and representation impact heavily on the audience. However, the frustrating ending of Bamboozled (2000), as well as the inter- ethnic conflict between the revolutionary and the assimilated blacks, display a contaminating and intense sense of helplessness and hopelessness in regards to humanitys chances to ever get rid of the veil which separates whites and blacks in America, as well as in any other parts of the world. Lees message, considering his role as an auteur, seems to reflect Du Boiss words that the black man must not bleach his soul in a flood of white Americanism, for he knows that [his] blood has a message for the world.

Woodstock 1969 :: essays research papers fc

Many large concerts have occurred in the United States, but none have been as symbolic as the three-day music and art fest that touted the slogans of peace and love. This event was identified as such as a result of the peace movement and the emergence of the flower children. Woodstock Music Festival took place near Woodstock New York on August 15, 16, and 17, 1969, and became a symbol of the 1960s American counterculture. Woodstock began with the following four partners: Michael Lang, the manager of a rock band, Artie Kronfeld, an executive at Capitol Records, and two capitalists, John Roberts and Joel Rosenman who supplied most of the money and the original idea. Their original plan was to build a recording studio in Woodstock, a small town in the Catskill Mountains that had become a rock music Mecca when musician Bob Dylan and his rock group called the Band settled there. To get the word out, the four partners decided to hold a concert, which they called the Woodstock Music and Art Fair. The group originally tried to have the festival in the town of Woodstock, but the citizens would not permit it. Then after much debate Michael Lang decided to move the concert to Wallkill, New York, where the people also protested, so finally he decided to move it about 70 miles away from the town of Woodstock to Max Yasgur’s dairy farm. Looking back on the sighting of the Bethel farm Lang remarked "It was magic, it was perfect. The sloping bowl, a little rise for the stage, and the lake in the background.† Woodstock had more acts scheduled to play then any other single event ever held before. They were trying to sign the biggest rock ‘n’ roll bands in America. The problem was getting the bands. Bands didn’t want to take contracts from an unproven venture, because they had no credibility. â€Å"To get the contracts, we have to have the credibility, and to get the credibility, we have to get the contracts,† Rosenman said. Woodstock Ventures solved that problem by paying enormous sums unheard of in 1969. The breakthrough came when they signed the Jefferson Airplane, the biggest psychedelic band back then. They signed for $12,000. An incredible sum of money considering the Jefferson Airplane usually took gigs for five or six thousand dollars. Credence Clearwater Revival signed for $11,500, and the Who signed for $12,500.

Epic of Beowulf :: Epic of Beowulf Essays

I have just completed the reading of Beowulf, which was translated by Burton Raffel. 1) Beowulf is an extremely exciting and fascinating story about a character who lived in medieval Europe. The shocking thing for me about this work was to find out that it is the earliest poem in a modern European language. Beowulf is to the English what Homer and the Odyssey were to the Greeks. Although this is the earliest poem, it is still fun and exciting to read. I didn't believe that a poem which has been around for more than twelve centuries, could keep my interest. I was wrong. The book is filled with more blood and guts then the average summer horror flick. After the battle with Grendel, the monster which has been ravaging the Danish countryside and killing countless men, Beowulf makes sure that all people know that he had injured the great monster. It is translated that, "...no Dane doubted the victory, for the proof, hanging high from the rafters where Beowulf had hung it, was the monster's arm, claw and shoulder and all" (Raffel, 49). It was the shocking use of detail and exciting battles that was left with me when I finished the book. I guess all books, regardless of their age can still be fun and entertaining to read. 2) Good literature has a very precise definition for me. I judge a piece of literature on three different criteria, 1) does it have memorable characters, 2) does the work take me to a place and let me experience things that I have never experienced before, and 3) will the work stay with me long after I have completed reading it. This is the criteria on which I judge a book and according to this, I believe that Beowulf should be considered "good" literature. I always ask myself, when I am done reading a book, did the book have memorable characters. In Beowulf, the characters were memorable. A minor character in the book, the king of the Danes, named Hrothgar, is a character who sticks out greatly in my mind. Hrothgar was a king of the Danes and built for them a huge mead hall in which men were able to eat drink and be merry. It was then that the great monster, Grendel, came and destroyed the utopia which was Herot by eating and feasting on the Danish warriors. Hrothgar sticks out in my mind because I could envision him, in the time before Beowulf came to the Danes, in anger and despair over this monster that wouldn't stop killing his soldiers and friends.

The Pessimistic W. B. Yeats’ in An Irish Airman Foresees His Death Essa

The Pessimistic W. B. Yeats’ in An Irish Airman Foresees His Death   Ã‚  Ã‚   There are countless manners in which a person can mourn the death of another.   Some become engulfed in a state of rage, while others may feel a calm, quiet grief or pity.   Some place blame on others for the loss while trying to discover a reason for death.   Others may roll several emotions into one large mourning process that includes several stages.   In â€Å"An Irish Airman Foresees His Death,† W. B. Yeats grieves the death of Major Robert Gregory, son of Lady Gregory, by providing the narrator with an overwhelming sense of apathy toward life.   The poem provides a variety of emotions that counter each other to produce a balance that is uniquely pessimistic.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The first-person narrator, presumably the voice of Robert Gregory, allows the reader to connect more easily with the thoughts of Yeats.   If the poem were written in the third person, the personal emotions would have been lost.   Illustrating a death in the voice of the dead adds sorrow and truth to the work, as an outside narrator would seem more distant from the feelings involved.   Yeats may have chosen to express his words through the narrator’s voice as a tribute to Robert Gregory, or because of his friendship with Lady Gregory—or simply because doing so brought him closer to the emotions of the situation in general.   Ã‚  Ã‚   In the final three lines of the poem, the narrator gives the sense that, because of death, there is little value in life.   He says that â€Å"the years to come seemed waste of breath, / a waste of breath the years behind† (14-15).   Such thoughts suggest existentialism, which provides a sense of the lack of meaning or purpose in living—that we simply â€Å"exist.†Ã‚   Yet the opening lines... ... when going into battle, and, ultimately, death (11).   This is not to say he feels delight in dying, but that some sense of delight in going to war him brought him there, via combat.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Taken as a whole, â€Å"An Irish Airman Foresees His Death† is a simple poem about a man dying.   Its intricacies lie in the juggling act performed by the narrator that leads to a pessimistic, balanced view of a soldier’s death.   When each line is considered carefully, the work becomes more and more complicated.   Several emotions are contrasted along the way—possibly an attempt by Yeats to capture the multitude of feelings that must run through the mind of someone dying.    Works Cited Yeats, William Butler.   â€Å"An Irish Airman Foresees His Death.†Ã‚   The Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry.   Ed. Richard Ellmann and Robert O’Clair.   New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.   154-155.

Pharmacology; Clinical review assignment: Renal failure Essay

Renal failure is an increasing concern in Australia, with over 54 people dying every day from kidney related disease. The incidence of this pathology has been shown to be growing, with the number of people on dialysis rising by 4% from 2010 to 2011 (National Kidney Foundation, 2013). It is estimated that approximately 1.7 million Australians over the age of 25 show signs of renal failure, either chronic or acute. Indigenous Australians are also four times more likely to die from renal failure than non-indigenous Australians (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006). Signs of renal failure often show themselves in the form of reduced kidney function, proteinuria (protein in the urine) or haematuria (blood in the urine). Renal failure is a condition involving the failure of the kidneys, or more precisely the nephrons within the kidneys. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, with approximately 1.5 million working to filter blood of wastes and reabsorb water and electrolytes necessary to maintain homeostasis (U.S. Patent No. 5,092,886A, 1992). Renal failure occurs when the kidneys fail to filter blood adequately, it is often undetected until late stage failure has occurred. There are two main forms of renal failure; acute kidney disease and chronic kidney disease, both with underlying pathologies (U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2013). Treatment for renal failure involves either dialysis; filtering of the blood to remove metabolic wastes, or a kidney transplant, which is not a cure and requires permanent care and maintenance post-surgery. As of December 2012, 1080 people are waiting for a kidney transplant in Australia (Better Health Channel, 2013). It is important for paramedics to recognise and understand the underlying pathology behind renal failure as the condition results in a wide range of secondary effects & has many different presentations, with some as simple as headaches and â€Å"stomach pain†; pain in the kidney region, and more serious presentations such as metabolic acidosis (National Kidney Foundation, 2013). Pathophysiology: All 1.5 million nephrons in the kidney are working constantly to filter  blood. The kidneys receive approximately 25% of cardiac output via the afferent arteriole, into the bowman’s capsule which surrounds the glomerulus. The glomerulus is often described as a colander, as it is semi-permeable, only allowing certain things to pass through it. The kidneys main functions are to filter the blood, but they also have many other functions, such as regulating acid/base and fluid/electrolyte balances, reabsorbing water and electrolytes and excreting urine. â€Å"In addition, the kidneys excrete metabolic waste products, including urea, creatinine, and uric acid, as well as foreign chemicals† (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008). The kidneys also serve an endocrinological function, â€Å"secreting rennin, the active form of vitamin D, and erythropoietin. These hormones are important in maintaining blood pressure, calcium metabolism, and the synthesis of erythrocytes, respectively.† (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008). The progression of renal failure is often undetected, with renal function able to continue until 50% of the nephrons per kidney are destroyed. After nephrons are destroyed they never regenerate (Tilgner, n.d.). Compensatory buffer mechanisms exist in the body to counterbalance the effects of renal disease. As the kidneys are responsible for water and electrolyte balance, shifts in solute concentrations due to nephron destruction can be seen. Isosthenuria, which is excretion of urine that has not been concentrated by the kidneys and therefore has the same osmolality/gravity as plasma, is the first clinical sign of impaired renal function. Water along with sodium is flushed from the body resulting in dehydration & an electrolyte imbalance (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008). â€Å"In a healthy body, the acid-base balance is maintained via buffers, breathing, and the amounts of acid or alkaline wastes in the urine; this is because the daily load of endogenous acid is excreted into the urine with buffering compunds such as phosphates.† (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008). When the kidneys functions are impaired, a backlog of hydrogen (H+) ion occurs and the nephrons ability to excrete acid becomes inadequate. This results in ketoacidosis, a condition in which the body’s pH falls dangerously below it’s normal homeostatic range, commonly detected by the ‘fruity’ scent of a patients breath which occurs due to acetone; â€Å"a direct byproduct of the spontaneous decomposition of acetoacetic acid† (DiTomasso, Golden & Morris, 2010). Diagnostic tools; The main ways of diagnosing renal failure include serum chemistry/blood tests, urinalysis and creatinine clearance tests. Serum chemistry is the analysis of blood, when diagnosing renal failure, changes in â€Å"Sodium, chloride, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glucose, creatinine, carbon dioxide, potassium, phosphate, and calcium levels provide a useful tool to evaluate the degree of renal impairment and disease progression.† (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008). The most important of these are creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, both of which are byproducts of protein metabolism which in healthy people is excreted in urine after filtration. In patients with renal failure the levels of createnine and BUN increase to toxic levels, indicating significant functional loss of the kidneys (â€Å"Creatinine Levels and BUN,† 2012). Urinalysis involves examining a patients urine sample, detecting protein, blood, determining osmolality and microscopic examination (Klatt & Georgia, 2013). The main indications of renal failure that urinalysis detects are hematuria and protienuria. Hematuria is defined as â€Å"†¦the presence of red blood cells in the urine. It can be characterised as either â€Å"gross† (visible to the naked eye) or â€Å"microscopic† (visible only under the microscope)† (â€Å"Blood in the urine (Hematuria)†, 2013). Hematuria is commonly benign in younger age groups, with cases of patients less than 40 years old almost always benign. In older age groups hematuria is seen as more serious, prompting medical investigation into the pathology to rule out other causes, such as infection or cancer, as many different types of cancers (bladder, kidney, prostate, urethral) also present with hematuria (American Urological Association, 2005). Proteinuria is another indication of renal failure, occurring when urine samples contain an elevated level of protein, or albumin, which is the main protein in the blood (National Institute of Health, 2010). Proteins are large molecules and should not pass through golmerular filtration. â€Å"The upper limit of normal urinary protein is 150 mg per day; patients who excrete > 3g of protein per day carry a diagnosis of nephrotic syndromeâ€Å" (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008). A creatinine clearance test is another diagnostic tool used to determine renal failure, focusing on the glomerular filtration rate to determine the level of functioning renal nephrons. Creatinine is a metabolic by-product of creatine, which remains at a constant value in the urine. It is caused by breakdown of muscle tissue, and is 100% filtered by the glomerulus. No reabsorption of creatinine should  occur in normal functioning tubules within the nephron (National Institute of Health, 2010). This diagnostic test is done via collecting a urine and blood sample within 24 hours. â€Å"In chronic renal failure and in some forms of acute disease, the GFR is decreased below the normal range of 100 to 150 mL/min. Advancing age also diminishes the GFR, by approximately 1 mL/min every year after age 30 years.† (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008). Acute vs. Chronic; Renal failure classification is broken down into two different parts; onset and location. Renal failure can be acute; occurring within a timeframe of days to weeks, or chronic; renal failure that develops slowly over years. The location of the failure is the second criteria, determining the type of destruction within the nephron (pre-renal, renal, intrinsic or post-renal) (The Renal Association, 2012). Determining the type of renal failure is important as acute renal failure is mostly curable, whereas chronic renal failure is progressive and irreversible, often leading to death. Acute renal failure is characterised by the rapid loss of kidney function, occurring over a few days to weeks, causing azotemia, a condition where a build-up of nitrogenous wastes products occurs, causing metabolic acidosis (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008). It can be broken down into sections based on where the failure is occurring within the nephron. Pre-renal failure occurs due to a reduction in blood flow/renal perfusion to the kidneys, causing loss of function. The kidney remains undamaged in this condition, with the problem being based solely on blood flow. It is the most common type of acute renal failure and can occur as a secondary illness from â€Å"almost any disease, condition or medicine that causes a decrease in the normal amount of blood and fluid in the body† (WebMD, 2013). Post-renal failure is less common, and is caused by an obstruction of the flow of urine â€Å"from the kidneys at any level of the urinary tract and that subsequently decreases the GFR† (WebMD, 2013). It is most commonly caused by prostatic enlargement or cervical cancer, usually found in older males. Intrinsic renal failure is the final type of acute renal failure, occurring from direct damage/trauma to the kidneys. The most common types of intrinsic renal failure are â€Å"acute tubular necrosis (ATN), acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) and acute interstitial nephritis (AIN)† (WebMD, 2013). Causes of the decreased blood-flow/obstruction include;  surgery, cardiovascular disease, direct trauma/impact to the kidneys, severe burns, severe muscle injury or severe physical exertion (WebMD, 2013). Chronic renal failure focuses around nephron destruction. Renal conditions such as glomerulonephritis affects the filtration rate of the glomerulus, while polycystic kidney disease involves the failure of the renal tubules. Nephrosclerosis interferes with blood perfusion, but the most common diagnosis of chronic renal failure is â€Å"diabetes mellitus, followed by hypertension, glomerulonephritis and others† (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008). Although causes vary, each condition shares the common trend of irreversible nephron destruction. Application to paramedic practice: Paramedics must be considerate of all patients with renal impairments. Prophylactic measures are often taken in renal patients, managing â€Å"diet, fluid, electrolytes and calcium-phosphate balance†, as well as dietary modifications to counterbalance the common difficulties renal patients have with hypertension, oedema and weight gain (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008). Emergency care workers should be weary to maintain a blood pressure lower than 130/85mmHg. Bleeding disorders and anaemia are common conditions patients with renal failure will suffer from. Haemorrhaging and bruising are common. â€Å"The antidiuretic hormone vasopressin has been shown to be effective int he short term management of bleeding in patients with renal failure† (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008). Renal patients on dialysis should not have their intravenous injection site compromised by any medication an ALS paramedic may administer. Blood flow through the arm must not be blocked or obstructed, and as these patients are immunocompromised, efforts to avoid sources of infection must be made (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008). Pharmacotherapeutics is a serious concern for anyone treating a renal patient, as most drugs are excreted by kidney, â€Å"and renal function affects drug bioavailability, the volume of drug distribution, drug metabolism and the rate of drug elimination.† (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008). Drug dosage schedules must be altered according to the amount of residual renal function. Drugs that would normally be safe for most patients may be toxic in patients with renal failure. â€Å"The plasma half-lives of medications that are normally eliminated in the urine are often prolonged in renal failure and are effectively reduced by dialysis. Even drugs that are metabolized by the liver can lead  to increased toxicity because the diseased kidneys fail to excrete them effectively. Theoretically, a 50% decrease in creatinine clearance corresponds to a twofold increase in the elimination half-life of any medication excreted fully by the kidneys.† (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008) Knowledge on the pharmacology on all ALS paramedic drugs must be known as certain drugs are nephrotoxic and should not be administered. The early recognition of signs of renal failure is important as mortality rates from acute renal failure (the most common type of renal failure) are high, remaining constant over the past 40 years at approximately 40-70% (Fry & Farrington, 2006). References: National Kidney Foundation. (2013). Facts on CKD in Australia. Retrieved from http://www.kidney.org.au/Kidneydisease/FastFactsonCKD/tabid/589/Default.aspx Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2008). National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survery Retrieved from http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/4715.0/ Dobos-Hardy, M. (1992). U.S Patent No. 5,092,886A. Boston, Massachusetts. Patent Buddy. U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2013). Kidney Failure. Retrieved from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kidneyfailure.html Better Health Channel. (2013). Kidney Failure. Retrieved from: http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Kidney_failure. National Kidney Foundation. (2013). What are the risk factors for kidney disease? Retrieved from http://www.kidney.org.au/KidneyDisease/RiskFactorsandSymptoms/tabid/819/Default.aspx DeRossi, S. & Cohen, D. (2008). Renal disease. Burket’s oral medicine, 11(2), 407- 427. Tilgner, S. (n.d.). Urinary – Kidney support. Journal for the Clinical Practitioner, 10(3), 1-13. DiTomasso, A., Golden, A. & Morri s, J. (2010). Handbook of Cognitive-Behavioural Approaches in Primary Care. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company. DOI: 10.1037/O.0027784 Creatinine Levels and BUN. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.kidneyfailureweb.com/creatinine/ Blood in the urine (Hematuria). 2013. Retrieved from: http://www.urologyhealth.org/urology/index.cfm?article=113 Klatt, E., Georgia, S. (2013). Urinalysis. Retrieved from: http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/TUTORIAL/URINE/URINE.html WebMD. (2013). Prerenal Acute Renal Failure. Retrieved from: http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/prerenal-acute-renal-failure American Urological Association. (2005) Hematuria. Retrieved from www.urologyhealth.org/content/moreinfo/hematuria.pdf National Institute of Health. (2010). Proteinuria. Retrieved from http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/proteinuria/ National Institute of Health. (2010). Creatinine Clearance. Retrieved from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003611.htm The Renal Association. (2012). Acute Kidney Injury. Retrieved from https:// www.clinicalkey.com/topics/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury.html Fry, A., Farrington, K. (2006). Management of acute renal failure. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 82(964), 106-116.

Explain How to Plan Essay

Define the delineate concepts and principles of perspicacity sagaciousness is the way of conclusion and documenting that skill has scudn house. It also enables you as the assessor to identify if the scholar has achieved the undeniable competencies, skill and knowledge demanded at the given point of mind towards their power. Assessment adopt to be a unfluctuating process built into the training computer program. The first point of assessment is the pre-course in jumpation. It mustiness be explained when assessment is taking place and what form the assessment will be in.Criteria for victory must also be given. beg off the responsibilities of the assessor Attending meeting, exhibitions, award ceremonies, demonstration events Carrying out assessments in accordance with organisations requirements Checking the genuineness of any whiteness clearvassimonies Completing and maintaining sound and secure records Countersigning other assessors judgements Dealing with any appeals made against your assessment decisions Fol littleing organisational and regulatory body proceduresIdentifying and relations with and barriers to fair assessment Implementing internal and away verifiers action points Liaising with others knobbed in the assessment process do judgements based on the assessment criteria Maintaining occupational competencies Negotiation and agreeing assessment types and methods Making exceed use of different assessment types and methods Providing statistics to managers Reviewing learners progress Standardising practices with other assessors financial backing learners with special requirements Working towards relevant qualificationIdentify the regulations and requirements relevant to the assessment in your own argona of practice The wellheadness and sentry go (First-Aid) Regulation 1981 Provide decorous first aid equipment, facilities and people. Health and Safety at Work (MHSW) Regulations 1999 Assess the risks on anyone who may be affe cted by their activities. The Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 Duty to autobiography and undergo vetting process if working with conquerable hosts Equality Act 2010 Non-discrimination of age, disability, gender, race, religion/ judgment and sexual orientation.Q2 Understand different types of assessment record Comp ar the strengths and limitations of a stray of assessment methods with reference to the needs of various(prenominal) learners ASSIGNMENT Several activities or tasks, practicable or theoretical, to assess various aspects of a qualification over a full stop of term. Strengths Ch all in allenges a learners potential Consolidate learning Several aspects of a qualification groundwork be assessed Some assignment atomic number 18 educate with get in criteria by award organisation Limitations Ensuring all aspects of the syllabus are covered laughingstock be age overwhelming to prepare and assessmoldiness be independently assessed with written feedback tax assessor may be biased when brand CASE STUDY / SCENARIOS Hypothetical situation, a description of an actual event or incomplete event, enabling learners to explore the situation. Strengths grass make topics more rea totalic enhancing pauperism and interest Can be conducted several(prenominal)ly or in a group Builds on current knowledge and hump Limitations If assessed in a group roles need to be individually assigned an person-to-person contribution assessed Time should be allowed for a debrief essential eat up clear outcomes Can be sentence consuming to prepare and assessCHECKLISTS A list of criteria that needs to be met to validate that competence or achievement. Strengths Can form infract of an ongoing record of achievement or profile Assessment terminate take place when the learner is ready Ensures all criteria are met and records are kept Limitations Learners may lose their copy and not rally what theyve learnt ESSAYS A formal piece of written text that has bee n produced by the learner for a specific topic Strengths Useful for academic subjects Can check your learners language and literacy skills at specific levels Limitations Not suitable for low level learnersMarking dismiss be time consuming Plagiarism can be an issue Doesnt ordinarily have right or violate answer so can be difficult to grade Learners need goodish writing skills EXAMINATIONS A formal test that should be conducted in certain conditions. Strengths Can be Open Book, enabling learners to have books and notes with them Some learners like the challenge of a formal examination and cope well Limitations Invigilation required Security arrangements before and afterward need to be in place for papers Learners may have been taught strictly to pass the examination Learners may be anxiousHOMEWORK Activities carries out among sessions like answering questions on that sidereal days learning to confirm knowledge. Strengths Learners can complete at a time and pace that suits t hem Maintains an interest between sessions Encourages learners to alloy themselves Consolidates learning so far Limitations free time limits must be set Learners might not do it, or get someone else to do it for them Must be read/marked and individual feedback given OBSERVATIONS Watching learners perform a skill. Strengths Enables skills to be seen in actionLearners can make mistakes enabling them to realise what theyve been doing misemploy Can assess several aspects of a qualification at the same time Limitations Timing must be coherent No permanent record Questions so far need to be asked to confirm intellect Assessor might not be objective with decision Q3 Understand how to intention assessment Summarise key factors to opine when purposening assessment Subjects can be either non- certain (no formal certificate) or accredited (certificate issued) in which case delivery and assessments are monitored by awarding organisation to moderate guidelines are followed.Therefore before assessing- You need to be fully aware of the program and the qualification that you are assessing You must confirm relevant policies, requirements and qualifications of the particular subject You must know when the learners are ready to be assessed Evaluate the benefits of using a holistic approach to assessment Explain how to plan a holistic approach to assessment Explain how to minimise risks through the training process.

Is Iago The Perfect Villain? Essay

few Shakesp pinnuleian scoundrels radiate curseness and jealously rather as much as Iago, the unbeknown curse word of the stand fors title vul hoboized fiber, Othello. In new(prenominal)wise plays written by the bard of Avon the villains bottomland get down out across as iodin and l mavin(prenominal)(a)-dimensional- weak, personified by a injury in their genetic make-up or unachiev satis accompanimentory emulation barely Iago is a far more than(prenominal) complex and get fictitious record. True, he has the power to some(prenominal) betray and murder those he once worked a vastside, hardly Iago isnt the comp permite cold-blooded murderer in the same sense of Macbeth or King Claudius from Hamlet.True, he meticulously plans the death of Cassio provided he plans it to be by hands of Rodrigo, his puppet. In the break off fortune presents itself to Iago and he seizes the moment to stab Cassio in the hindquarters but the blow fails to kill him. Iago overly rev eals a clean-living conscience through his three monologues which I give explore in more detail later. In short Iago is wish no new(prenominal) of Shakespe bes villains which makes him an perfective tensely compelling and absorbing character. And standardised the some other characters in the play, Iago delights in absorbing us, the viewerThe tragedy of Othello was be lie inved to amaze been maiden performed in the early 1600s and is bingle of Shakespe bes more famous plays. The play is likewise abounding in historical context and features the Moresque flight heavily, leading more to believe it was influenced by a visit to the capital of the Empire by the Moorish ambassador, who is said to nonplus met with the ruling monarch. In the play, alone Iago voiced an explicitly stereotypical view on Othello and his track down and, the fact that Iago is the main villain of the play, core c havely scholars view the play as Shakespe atomic go 18s description on society, nonably that passel are the same, regardless of skin colour- a message some(prenominal) would do well to remember in this period day and age. The fact that Iago is the alone character to book of facts Othellos skin colour is to a fault signs of one of his weakness- the fact that he is blinded by stereotypes. This character trait is explored further by Shakespeare in Iagos soliloquies.The play Othello is one of Shakespeares tragedys, destination in a dramatic, breathtaking climax. The elevated, noble and responsible character of Othello promotes his young solder Cassio ahead of his more experienced all(prenominal)y Iago, setting off a chain of events which finally ends with the demise of Othello, his young wife Desdemona and Iago himself.Twisted with jealously and rage Iago sets out to check and exploit Othellos trus cardinalrthy nature, instead reveal him to be some nave and gullible. After a series of Iago-inspired mis-understandings, Othello believes his wife to be sleeping with his innovative lieutenant, Cassio and thus commences to kill his wife. However not wide subsequently he fatally wounds his wife, he learns the lawfulness from Iagos wife and, subsequently apologising to Cassio, kills himself.Othello is one of Shakespeares only plays where the villain of the piece speaks more lines wherefore the title character or protagonist. This fact reflects Iagos incredible contribution to the play and also sets the intuitive feeling for the story- for the well-nigh part we check up on things from Iagos prospect as, after the listening, Iago has the most knowledge on what is overtaking on in the play. You could even argue that, at convictions, Iago knows even more than the auditory modality, which is a trait of a full-strength, compelling villain. We never know what face Iago is passing play to show next, never know what move he is going to make, partly helped by the fact that for long stretches of the play Iago is in swell mode. He is patently kind, loyal and truthful to Othello, all signs of a true friend. It is only through the intimate soliloquies that the real Iago comes to the fore.Othellos race is particularly important in the play, de besprinklee the fact that only one character slurs his race in the play Iago. Othello is frequently called The Moor in the play, implying he is either of Afri loafer descent or barely vindicatory a Muslim. The fact that Shakespeare does not allot Othello a specific race could be due to the fact that he valued his interview to see that race isnt crucial in understanding a person or character and only the narrow minded (or evil, like Iago) would see race as a barrier. The fact that Othello is not native to Italy is especially important to the play and its affect on its audience it makes Othellos demise more saddening and guilt tinged as Iago has manipulated a man of a different culture and robbed the only person who he felt a real, infrangible connection with and, w ho in turn, respected him back- Desdemona.In umpteen of Shakespeares other plays, the phrase actions speak louder consequently words, could be applied to the villain of the play. m each an(prenominal) other(prenominal) of the villains true characters are revealed when they are exciteting their piece of true evil however with Iago, it is the enemy way around. He keeps up a mendacious face when around Othello pouring pestilence into his ear with his heavenly shows and this is arguably the greatest of Iagos umteen evil deeds. He is manipulating Othello, influencing him. This is one of the numerous factors that could be seen as devising Iago into the perfect villain. foreign other villains of plays from the same age, Iago isnt a butcherer, a thug. He is cold, calculative- a sadist. except he is also intelligent, which would bedevil frightened the Elizabethan audience watching. His intuition and sadism are revealed in his three soliloquies, which I will explore in this es say.Thus do I ever make my fool my purse Iagos beginning(a) soliloquy, included in Act one Scene 3 sacrifices on a sinister, venomed note. This is the starting signal line he speaks to the audience and the audience alone and Shakespeare has made it as twisted and falsify as practical. Shakespeare knows that in the soliloquies he will fork out to gain Iago some empathy but, he is static the villain, and with a line like this opening his initial soliloquy, Shakespeare doesnt let us, the audience, forget it. Iago is commenting on how he is able to make money from fools, from manipulating them. He shows instantly that he exploits people and revels in it. He is botch uping to the audience, proud of his achievements.The words my fool also imply that he is in complete control of the people he decides to manipulate, suggesting that he is in a Godly cast of position. He is also inferring that the latest fool that is qualification his purse is Othello, a man revered by others for h is honest and noble nature. Shakespeare is contrasting Othellos just nature with Iagos snide, evil nature, juxtaposing their characters and personalities. Iago could also be referring to his accomplice Rodrigo. Despite working closely with him, Iago is only using Rodrigo as a puppet. In an dry twist, Iago is doing to Rodrigo what made him so groundless in the first place. He is overlooking Rodrigo and instead totally move to the demise of Othello. Similarly, Othello overlooked Iago and instead lavished his praise, and a promotion, on Michael Cassio.The line I hate the Moor, And it is thought foreign that twixt my sheets is the first real example of Iagos moral conscience struggling to break through in the soliloquy. On first glance, the line depends as evil as ever, Iago calls Othello not by his name, but by his race Moor. Iago is also commenting on how some foreign (possibly referring to when he was away fighting with Othello) suspect that Othello has slept with genus genus E milia, Iagos wife. Indeed, it seems on first glance that the line is meant to make Iago even more evil, as it sounds like he has a solid condition for wanting to misemploy the life of Othello. But when one reads between the lines one can begin to see Iagos sexual moral dilemma. After all the lines dedicated to describing how reliable and just Othello is, it is highly unlikely that Shakespeare wrote this line as truth. Indeed, he is more likely to be hinting at Iagos more sensitive nature. Iago was once a great friend of Othellos and favorite with the relaxation method of the men.Many former solders comment on the mystify shared between men on the battlefield, a love and commitment so strong that many would willingly lay down their lives for their comrades, fully informed of the possible consequences. Iago and Othello would have most likely have shared this connection, and it would have been impossible for Iago to lose it over darkness. Iago is simply trying to justify his ac tions, in a unregenerate way he is almost pleading with them to way out on why he is angry, and to not see him as a villain. This shows Iagos morality and makes his character improvement in the play all the more startling. throughout the play, we see the small amount of morality Iago possesses fall whereas in some of Shakespeares other plays, the villains are evil from the start, leaving them more detached from the audience and making it incredibly hard for the audience to channel any empathy towards them.The final two lines of Iagos first soliloquy I havet. It is engendered. Hell and night, essential bring this monstrous birth to the worlds light, show once more that Iago knows what he is doing is wrong, but also hint at the fact that he has forgave any chance of redemption, and knows that his future will end in the death of his former friend, and the loss of his disposition to evil. Whether this pains him, however, is never fully explored or revealed by Shakespeare.The quo tation also compares Iago to the Devil, which would have shocked the Jacobean audience. People of this time would have been devoutly unearthly and the devil would have frightened them, as he was seen as the ultimate evil. The phrase hell and night implies that evil often materialises during the night, during the darkness, which juxtaposes the image of heaven and light, which could be associated to Othello. This is slimly ironic as the character of Othello is black, yet he is the light character be manipulated by the black Iago.The adjective monstrous proves that Iago is aware of his wrongdoing. Yet when used in his soliloquy, used after he passionately describes his plan, the word sounds truly ominous and sinister. sensation gets the tactual sensation that Shakespeare wanted the actor portraying Iago to spit the word to the audience. The word birth also suggests that Iago is equivalence the manifestation of his evil plan to a newborn baby. This links in with the idea of Iago hating women as he has a rather shallow relationship with Emilia and mentions in the play how he thinks women are good only for sex. In the soliloquy, by describing his plan has having a birth he is slurring females, as his plan is one of evil and vindictiveness.Iagos second soliloquy continues where the first left off and provides us with a number of reasons for why Iago is so hell-bent on Othellos destruction. end-to-end this second soliloquy the possible motives of Iago hop on from the rumour that Othello slept with Emilia, to the more disturbing and disconcerting motive of Iago desiring Othellos love onward destroying him, the idea of Iago being thrust into a Godly position.The first possible motive Iago mentions for wanting to destroy Othello is jealously. I do suspect the lustful Moor hath leaped into my seatlike a poisonous mineral doth gnaw my inwards, is take the stand of this possible motive. All other evidence in the play categorically proves that it is incredibly un likely that Othello would have slept with Emilia and it is possible that Iago too understands that Othello wound never cheat on Desdemona. However Iago finds that he has to lie to himself to keep strong and to help justify his actions to the audience, proving that he must feel some guilt. Iago is also study the jealously he feels to an animal or a monster gnawing away at his inwards. This comparing links with another line Iago speaks, however this time it is directed to Othello, not the audience. In Act 3 Scene 3 Iago tells Othello to Bewarethe green look monster which doth mock the meat it feeds on. In this courtship Shakespeare is being passing ironic, as it is Iago who has succumbed to jealously and let it change his character forever, not Othello who loses his better judgment momentarily and then repents in the final pic.Iago shows in his second soliloquy that he sees people as tools, ready to be manipulated, hinting at the sense of dissolution he feels. The lines Which thing to do, If this poor trash of Venice, whom I trash, show this cagyly. After becoming so consumed with jealously, covetousness or whatever is driving him on, Iago now feels no real emotional connection with ordinary people. In fact the only true relationship he has with another person is the perverse relationship he shares with Othello. Despite hating Othello, he still desires his love and praise. Iago is extremely confused and, after recoiling away from Emilias love the only person he feels any connection with is Othello. This makes him an extremely perverse and sadistic character, which could go some way to making him the perfect villain.Unlike other evil characters, who want their foes departed so they can achieve power or peace Iago has despised Othello so much that his iniquity has gone full circle, and he has ended up now desiring Othellos love again, as prove by the line Make the Moor convey me, love me and reward me. This kind of relationship makes Iago seem sligh tly unstable thus making set the audience one step behind Iago. Iago could commit nearly any possible action after this statement and it would still seem believable to the audience, as they recognise him as slightly un-hinged. Whereas other villains, such as Macbeth, are limited in what they can do before the story becomes too unbelievable, Iago can do just about anything as he harbours a wide range of emotions for Othello- love, respect and, finally, hatred. This ultimately contributes to him being the perfect villain, he is unrestricted, Shakespeare can take his character anywhere and the audience will never be able to second-guess him.This is proved in perfect contrive in the last scene of the play, where Othello and the guards confront Iago. When pushed for a reason for destroying the lives of so many people, Iago simply says Demand me nothing. What you know, you know. From this time forth I will never speak word. This epitomises the character of Iago. Throughout the play, I ago evidences his love of talking and communicating and, when presented with no other characters to interact with, he instead communicates with the audience in his soliloquies. Therefore many would be forgiven for thinking Iagos final stand involves a hail of angry metaphors and lies, as he finally lays into Othello. Yet instead he remains cool and hideously restrained. He doesnt assemble what people think he will do, making him unpredictable, compelling and, ultimately, the perfect villain.Iagos third and final soliloquy reveals just how evil Iago can be. He loses most, if not all, of the empathy the audience have gained from him in the space of nearly 30 lines, in preparation for the plays finale where Shakespeare presumably wanted all of the initial, spontaneous empathy to be directed towards Desdemona, Emilia and Othello.Iago slightly sarcastically plays on the title Honest Iago in his third soliloquy, after many of the characters start addressing him by this title. And whats h e then that says I play the villain, When this advice is free I give, and honest, are the two lines that open his final soliloquy. Whilst some people feel that Iago us trying to gain some empathy by implying he is not totally in the wrong I personally dont believe Shakespeare wanted these two lines to be spoken seriously by the actor portraying Iago. I get the impression that Shakespeare wanted these two lines to be spoken slightly sarcastically, as Iago is boasting in this sequence. By having Iago boast so close to the dramatic and disastrous finale, I believe that Shakespeare is showing that, despite being extremely clever and in many cases the perfect villain, Iago is still only human. He is mistaken here, as Othello and the guards last find him out and it is Emilia who reveals his deceit, which is very ironic as Iago isnt quiet in his disdain of women and believes all women to be stupid.Iago carefully maintains a lining of honesty and trust but like many people, his outward a ppearance belies a inner deception. Iago is commonly referred to as Machiavellian, a term coined for Prince Machiavelli. Machiavelli is famous for his policy-making treatise, The Prince which espouses, among other things, that the ends to power always justify the means. Machiavelli was a well known villain in the Jacobean era but, importantly, he was also renowned for his intelligence. By comparing the two men, Shakespeare is making an important statement Iago is no fool. In many of Shakespeares other plays, the villain of the piece is foolish and slow, but in this play, the villain is arguably the smartest of all the characters. This keeps the audience on the edge of their seats, making Othello one of Shakespeares most popular plays.The lines Divinity of Hell When Devils do their blackest sins baffle on, They do suggest at first with heavenly shows, show how Shakespeare compares Iago to the Devil, implying that Iago is the physical manifestation of evil. Contrary to popular beli ef, the Devil, or Lucifer, is or was not a fire-spitting, all-powerful behemoth. He was instead a fallen angel, once a trusted servant of God who eventually fell to Earth after letting ambition and greed cloud his judgement. The Devil also influences others by tempting them, in a similar fashion to Iago. Whilst prone to fits of rage, such as when he kills Emilia and wounds Cassio, Iago does the majority of his work through the spoken word. He is a master of language in a similar way that the Devil is the master of temptation. Shakespeare also uses an oxymoron, Divinity of Hell to represent Iagos impertinent personality. The phrase also somewhat represents Iago, as he is the slick, controlled face of evil, able to deceive and manipulate others, making him such an affective villain.Iago ends his final soliloquy with the two lines And out of her own goodness make the net, That shall mat them all. Here, Iago is fantasizing about putting his plan into action. He is also once again rev ealing the sense of separation he feels, he is planning on manipulating Desdemonas innocence and purity into a weapon, thus spotlight the ruthless nature of his character. The fact that Iago sees these qualities as factors to be exploited sum up his nature in perfect fashion. Iago is an opportunist, a speculator. He is extremely apt in finding a gap in someones character and using it to fulfil his own needs. Whilst most would see this as a weakness, Iago sees it as strength and it serves him well until he is caught.The fact that Shakespeare compares Iago manipulating everyone around him to enmeshing people suggests that Iago is in a higher(prenominal) position than everybody else. He is rounding up the other characters, and delighting in the fact that it is Desdemonas innocence that is luring people in. He is doing the dirty work whilst using another character o take the blame.In conclusion, I do see Iago as the perfect villain. He is opportunistic, ruthless and compelling, a perfe ct villain in so many ways. An Elizabethan audience would most likely have at first reacted very negatively to Iago, but such is the strength of his character that his motives for destroying Othello begin to be understood long after the play has been performed. Whilst at first he seems strictly evil, upon further reflection you begin to see Iago as a victim, a victim of what ambition can do to a man.The soliloquies also help Iago gain, and lose empathy. Shakespeare uses them as a tool, an instrument in pursue the audience. First the audience feel sorry for Iago, before Shakespeare turns the story on its head and makes Iago utterly evil once more. This all contributes to making Iago the perfect villain he is unreadable and unpredictable, unlike other Shakespearean characters that remain the same character throughout. Iago is eer changing, evolving and developing.